Cinema A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry in Estonia Estonia /ɛsˈtoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic Region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by the Russian Federation (338.6 km). The territory of (total population 1.3 million)[1] started in 1896 when the first "moving pictures" were screened in Tallinn Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 with a population of 410,050. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki.[2] The first movie theater was opened in 1908.[3] First local documentary was made in 1908 with the production of a newsreel A newsreel was a form of short documentary film prevalent in the first half of the 20th century, regularly released in a public presentation place and containing filmed news stories and items of topical interest. It was a source of news, current affairs and entertainment for millions of moviegoers until television supplanted its role in the 1950s about Swedish Sweden (pronounced /ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən, Swedish: Sverige [ˈsvær.jə]), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany and King Gustav V Gustaf V (born 16 June 1858 – died 29 October 1950) was King of Sweden from 1907 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sophia of Nassau, a half-sister of Adolphe I, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Dying at age 92, he holds the record of being the oldest monarch of Sweden and the second-longest reigning monarch of Sweden’s visit to Tallinn Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 with a population of 410,050. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki.[4] The first Estonian documentary was created by Johannes Pääsuke in 1912 that was followed by a short film Karujaht Pärnumaal (Bear Hunt in Pärnumaa) in 1914.

Contents

1912—1918

The first movie studio A movie studio is, in the established sense of the term, a company that distributes films. Literally, however, the term denotes a controlled environment for the making of a motion picture. This environment may be interior (sound stage), exterior (backlot), or both. In general parlance, the term is synonymous with "major film production in Estonia, Estonia Film Tartus (The Tartu Studio of Estonia Film), was established by Johannes Pääsuke (1892-1918). Pääsuke produced documentaries, short films and pictures of Estonian nature for the Estonian National Museum. Karujaht Pärnumaal (Bear-Hunt in Pärnu , 1914) was the first fictional short film made in Estonia. In total, eight films made by J. Pääsuke have survived and are stored at the Estonian Film Archives.[5]

1918—1940

Konstantin Märska at the Estonian Culture Film in 1936

The first full-length feature film was made in 1924 Shadow of the Past directed by Konstantin Märska and produced by his Konstantin Märska Filmiproduktsioon (Konstantin Märska Film Production). Two feature films by Märska have survived: Vigased pruudid (1929) and Jüri Rumm (1929). Theodor Lutsu Filmiproduktsioon (the Film Production of Theodor Luts Studio) was established by Theodor Luts who produced documentaries and feature films. His Noored kotkad (Young Eagles) (1927) is generally regarded as the cornerstone of Estonian cinema [6] Smaller film production studios in Estonia included Siirius Film and K.Kalamees Tartu.

The major film production company after the Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, and is used hit Estonia during 1930s was state subsidized the Estonian Culture Film (Estonian Estonian (eesti keel; pronounced [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ) is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various émigré communities. It is a Uralic language and is closely related to Finnish: Eesti Kultuurfilm) that produced mostly documentaries. In late 1930s, Academy Award nominated Miliza Korjus best known for a role in The Great Waltz (1938), daughter of an Estonian Estonia /ɛsˈtoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic Region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by the Russian Federation (338.6 km). The territory of lieutenant colonel Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine forces and some air forces of the world, typically ranking above a major and below a colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence. A lieutenant colonel is typically in in the Imperial Russian Army and later Chief of Staff to the War Minister of Estonia, had a successful career in Hollywood film industry[7]

The first Estonian animated short film Kutsu-Juku seiklusi was made in 1931.[8]

1940—1953

During the first year of Soviet Occupation The ground for the fate of Estonia in World War II was laid by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, particularly its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939 (1940-1941) Eesti Kultuurfilm was taken over by the Communist Party and renamed Kinokroonika Eesti Stuudio (the Estonian Newsreel Studio). During the first decades of Soviet rule as Estonia became a part of USSR in 1944 after the end of World War II, filmmakers in Estonia were mostly coming from inner Soviet Union whose job was to create propaganda films that depicted the victory of socialism in a form of newsreels and documentaries.[7]

Former Eesti Kultuurfilm was called Kinokroonika Tallinna Stuudio (The Tallinn Newsreel Studio) in 1942 during the German occupation After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Army Group North reached Estonia in July. Although initially the Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its repressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realized that they were but another occupying in World War II and Tallinna Kinostuudio (The Tallinn Film Studio) in 1947 again by the Soviets.[5]

During the era two feature films on Soviet themes were produced in Estonia directed by Gerbert Rappaport, an Austrian Germanic peoples, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Slovenes and Croatians émigré in Soviet Union [9] : Elu tsitadellis (Life in the Citadel) in 1947, Valgus Koordis (Light in Koordi) in 1951 that was the first color motion picture film Color motion picture film refers to motion pictures in color. The first motion pictures were made with silver halide-based photographic emulsion on a clear base. The resulting image was projected in a range of blacks to whites, depending on the luminous intensity of the original subject made in Estonia.[5]

1953—1991

After the death of Stalin in 1953 a more liberal period in Soviet Union's cultural policies followed. Filmmakers started to enjoy greater artistic control at the same time the Soviet State Committee for Cinematography (Goskino Goskino is the abbreviated name for the USSR State Committee for Cinematography (Государственный комитет по кинематографии СССР) in the Soviet Union and the State Committee of Russian Federation for Cinematography (Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по к) in Moscow provided the money, state censorship body Glavlit and CPSU The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world. It lost its dominance in the wake of the failed August 1991 coup d'état attempt led by communist hardliners Department of Culture had the control over releasing the movies.[6]

The Tallinn Film Studio was renamed Kunstiliste ja Kroonikafilmide Tallinna Kinostuudio (Tallinn Feature- and Newsreel Film Studio) in 1954 and in 1963 was renamed again Tallinnfilm [5]

Some of the first films produced during the era that were co directed by an Estonian Kaljo Kiisk were Juunikuu päevad (1957) and Vallatud kurvid(1959).

In 1960's a story of Prince Gabriel by Estonian writer Eduard Bornhöhe was turned into a movie script by Arvo Valton. Grigori Kromanov was named to be the director of Viimne reliikvia (The Last Relic) , released in 1969 by Tallinnfilm. The movie set the absolute box office record for the entire Soviet Union at the time by selling 44,9 million tickets.[10][11] It was successfully distributed by the Soviet film export internationally in more than 60 countries. The film also influenced Estonian literature: 2 short stories listed for the Friedebert Tuglas award in 1970-75 included references to the Last Relic.

Another milestone in Estonian Cinema released in 1969 was Arvo Kruusement's Kevade (Spring) based on Oskar Luts popular novel.[2]

Successful films in the 80's were "Hukkunud Alpinisti" hotell (Dead Mountaineer's Hotel) by Kromanov and movies made by Kaljo Kiisk such as Nipernaadi (1983).

The most prominent female director Leida Laius who emerged during the era is best known for her Kõrboja peremees (1979) and Naerata ometi (1985) receiving at the Berlin International Film Festival The Berlin International Film Festival , also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With 274,000 tickets sold and 487,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly- UNICEF Award in 1985. Peeter Simm's best known Soviet era film is Ideaalmaastik (The Ideal Landscape) released in 1980. Peeter Urbla's Ma pole turist, ma elan siin (I'm Not a Tourist, I'm Living Here) (1988). Jaan Kolgerg emerged by the end of Soviet era with films See kadunud tee (1990) (The Lost Way) and Võlausaldajad (Creditors) (1992)

Among the leading Estonian film actors during the Soviet era were Rein Aren with about 30 roles, Jüri Järvet and Leonhard Merzin.[6]

Since 1991

After the collapse of the Soviet Union Estonia regained its independence, the cost of filmmaking skyrocketed and the 1990s showed decline in filmmaking that reached its bottom in 1996, the year when no fictional films and only 2 documentaries Lipule... güüsile... valvel! and Turvalisuse illusioon were made in Estonia.

In 1997, the Estonian Film Foundation was founded by the Estonian Ministry of Culture. Production of Minu Leninid (All My Lenins) (1997) a parody of Soviet Revolution by Hardi Volmer marked a turnaround for Estonian feature films. In 1998, there were two feature films produced. Georgica directed by Sulev Keedus won the FIPRESCI Prize at the Stockholm Film Festival in 1998 and the Prix Europa Special at Prix Europa in 1999.

Since then, the trend has also been towards joint film productions such as Peeter Simm's Head käed (Good Hands) (2001) a joint Estonian-Latvian coproduction that in 20025 won the Manfred Salzgeber Award at the Berlin International Film Festival The Berlin International Film Festival , also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With 274,000 tickets sold and 487,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly- and the Golden Olive Tree Lecce Festival of European Cinema in Italy. Kõrini (Fed Up) (2005) an Estonian-German coproduction. Arvo Iho' s Karu süda (Hart of the Bear) (2001) nominated for Golden St. George at the Moscow International Film Festival and for the European Film Award at European Film Awards, was a coproduction between Estonia, Germany, Russia and the Czech Republic.

The most commercially successful Estonian film in 2002 was Nimed marmortahvlil (2002) (Names in Marble) by Elmo Nüganen and in 2003 a comedy by Rando Pettai Vanad ja kobedad saavad jalad alla (Made in Estonia) that in Estonia topped the international blockbuster The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. It is the second film in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy that was preceded by The Fellowship of the Ring and concluded with The Return of the King (2003) with its box office results.[6]

In 2004, two young directors emerged Jaak Kilmi and René Reinumägi with their Sigade revolutsioon (Revolution of Pigs) that won the Special Jury Prize and was nominated for Golden St. George at the Moscow International Film Festival Moscow International Film Festival , abbreviated as MIFF, is the film festival first held in Moscow in 1959. From its inception to 1995 it was held every second year in July, alternating with the Karlovy Vary festival. The festival has been held annually since 1995, and for Grand Prix Asturias at the Gijón International Film Festival Gijón International Film Festival was created in 1963. It was born as an initiative of the local authority and it was sponsored mainly by Gijón Town Council and the then Caja de Ahorros de Asturias ; both institutions are still the main organisers of the festival, along with funding from the Culture Council of the Principado de Asturias, the.

In 2007, about 10 feature films were made in Estonia. Most notable perhaps Sügisball (2007) by Veiko Õunpuu receiving among other awards Best Director at the Thessaloniki Film Festival, International Film Festival Bratislava and Venice Horizons Award at the 64th Venice International Film Festival The 64th Venice International Film Festival, held in Venice, Italy, opened on August 29, 2007, with Joe Wright's Atonement and closed September 8, 2007. Host of the event was Italian soubrette Ambra Angiolini. The Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to American director Tim Burton. Once again since 2006, all the films running. Georg (2007) by Peeter Simm is a movie about the life of legendary Estonian singer Georg Ots.

TOP 10

The Estonian feature films Top Ten Poll in 2002 by Estonian film critics and journalists[12]

  1. Kevade (1969) directed by Arvo Kruusement
  2. Hullumeelsus (1968) directed by Kaljo Kiisk
  3. Ideaalmaastik (1980) directed by Peeter Simm
  4. Viimne reliikvia (1969) directed by Grigori Kromanov
  5. Georgica (1998) directed by Sulev Keedus
  6. Nipernaadi (1993) directed by Kaljo Kiisk
  7. "Hukkunud Alpinisti" hotell (1979) directed by Grigori Kromanov
  8. Naerata ometi (1985) directed by Leida Laius, Arvo Iho
  9. Põrgupõhja uus Vanapagan (1964) directed by Grigori Kromanov, Jüri Müür
  10. Tuulte pesa (1979) directed by Olav Neuland

Estonian Animation

Estonian animation tradition dates back to 1930's when the first experimental films were made. The only surviving short film from the era is Kutsu-Juku seiklusi (Adventures of Juku the dog) (1931).[8] After the Great Depression, WW II and Soviet Occupation interrupted the development, Estonian animation was reborn in 1958. Elbert Tuganov founded a puppet film Puppetoon animation is a type of replacement animation, which is itself a type of stop-motion animation. In traditional stop-motion, the puppets are made with movable parts which are repositioned between frames to create the illusion of motion when the frames are played in rapid sequence. In puppetoon animation the puppets are rigid and static division Nukufilm in Tallinnfilm Studio. The first film was titled Peetrikese unenägu based on a Danish writer Jens Sigsgaard's children story Palle alene i verden. Joonisfilm a traditional cell animation Traditional animation, also referred to as classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation, is the oldest and historically the most popular form of animation. In a traditionally-animated cartoon, each frame is drawn by hand. The term "traditional animation" is often used in contrast with the now more commonly used computer division of Tallinnfilm was founded by Rein Raamat in 1971. Films like Põld(1978) nominee for Golden Palm at the Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Film Festival , founded in 1946, is one of the world's oldest and most prestigious film festivals. The private festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, in the resort town of Cannes, in the south of France in 1979; Lend (1973) the winner of Special Jury Award at the Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films; the Suur Tõll (1980) 2nd place at Ottawa International Animation Festival in 1982 and Põrgu (Hell) (1983) the winner of FIPRESCI Prize and Special Jury Award at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival made Raamat the first internationally recognized Estonian animation director.

Since Estonia regained independence in 1991 Nukufilm and Joonisfilm continued to operate as private companies owned by the filmmakers. During the era internationally most successful Estonian animation director has been Priit Pärn[13] the winner of Grand Prize at the Ottawa International Animation Festival in 1998 for Porgandite öö (Night of the Carrots).

See also

References

  1. ^ 2008 census
  2. ^ a b Eastern Europe By Tom Masters; p. 328
  3. ^ The Baltic States By Marje Jõeste, Küllo Arjakas ISBN 9785899600265
  4. ^ estonian culture - cinema
  5. ^ a b c d The Estonian Film Archives
  6. ^ a b c d Culture And Customs of the Baltic States By Kevin O'Connor
  7. ^ a b Eastern Europe By Richard C. Frucht; p.95
  8. ^ a b [1]
  9. ^ Rappaport @ Filmmuseum in Wien
  10. ^ Bridging the Cultural Divide By Sigrid Rieuwerts; p. 325
  11. ^ Box office for Viimne reliikvia @ IMDB
  12. ^ tallinnfilm.ee
  13. ^ Priit Pärn's awards at IMDB

External links

Cinema of Estonia

Actors • Directors • Films A-Z • Chronology of films • Cinematographers • Composers • Editors • Producers • Screenwriters • Studios
World cinema World cinema is a term used primarily in English language speaking countries to refer to the films and film industries of non-English speaking countries. It is therefore often used interchangeably with the term foreign film. However, both world cinema and foreign film could be taken to refer to the films of all countries other than one's own,
Africa The term African cinema refers to film production in Africa, following formal independence, which for many countries happened in the 1960s. Some of the countries in North Africa had developed a national film industry much earlier and are related to West Asian cinema. Often, African Cinema also includes directors from among the African diaspora

Burkina Faso The Cinema of Burkina Faso is one of the more significant in Africa , with a history that spans several decades and includes the production of many award-winning films · Egypt Egyptian cinema is Egypt's flourishing Egyptian Arabic-language film industry based in Cairo. Since 1976, Cairo has held the annual Cairo International Film Festival, which has been accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations. There is also another festival held in Alexandria. Of the more than 4,000 short- and feature- · Kenya Cinema of Kenya refers to the film industry of Kenya. Although a very small industry in western comparison, Kenya has produced or been a location for film since the early 1950s when Men Against the Sun was filmed in 1952. Although, in Hollywood, jungle epics that were set in the country were shot in Hollywood as early as the 1940s · Morocco Morocco knew cinema since 1897 through the filming of "Le chevrier Marocain" by Louis Lumière. Between that time and 1944, many foreign movies were shot in Morocco, especially in the Ouarzazate area. The following are the key dates in Moroccan cinema: · Niger Cinema in Niger grew from ethnographic documentaries in the colonial period to become one of the most active national film cultures in Francophone Africa. Filmmakers such as Oumarou Ganda, Moustapha Alassane, Mahamane Bakabé, Inoussa Ousseini and Moustapha Diop have had their work featured around the world. The Niamey African Film Meeting is one · Nigeria The cinema of Nigeria is a nascent film industry in Nigeria, growing quickly in the 1990s and 2000s to become the second largest film industry in the world in terms of number of films produced per year, ahead of the United States but behind the Indian film industries. According to Hala Gorani and Jeff Koinange formerly of CNN, Nigeria has a US$250 · Senegal The Cinema of Senegal is a relatively small film industry which experienced its prime from the 1960s through to the early 1980s, but has since declined to less than five feature films produced in the last ten years · Somalia Cinema of Somalia refers to the film industry in Somalia, a country in the Horn of Africa · South Africa Burkina Faso · Egypt · Kenya · Morocco · Niger · Nigeria · Senegal · Somalia · South Africa · Tunisia · Tunisia Cinema of Tunisia has been present since 1896, when the Lumière brothers began showing animated films in the streets of Tunis
Americas Burkina Faso · Egypt · Kenya · Morocco · Niger · Nigeria · Senegal · Somalia · South Africa · Tunisia

Argentina The Cinema of Argentina has a long tradition dating back to the late nineteenth century, and has played an important role in the Culture of Argentina for more than a century · Brazil A couple of months after the Lumière brothers' invention, a film exhibition is held in Rio de Janeiro. As early as 1898, the Italian Alfonso Segreto supposedly filmed the Guanabara Bay from the ship Brésil on a return journey from Europe, though some researchers question the veracity of this event as no copy of the film remains. He would go on · Canada Canadian cinema refers to filmmakers and the filmmaking industries in Canada. Canada is home to several film industry centres: primarily Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver. Industries and communities tend to be regional and niche in nature. Approximately 970 Anglophone-Canadian feature-length films have been produced, or partially produced by the (Quebec The history of cinema in Quebec started on June 27, 1896 when the French Louis Minier inaugurated the first movie projection in North America in a Montreal theatre room. However, it would have to wait until the 1960s before a genuine Quebec cinema industry would emerge) · Chile The cinema of Chile began when the earliest films were made there in the first decade of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1970s when the cinematic culture there developed, with the foundation of a national cinema and a department of experimental film at the University of Chile, which taught the Dutch film of Joris Ivens · Colombia The history of Colombian cinema started in 1897 when the first Cinématographe arrived in the country, two years after the invention of cinematography by Auguste and Louis Lumière in Paris. Back then the port city of Colón , Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and later arrived to the capital Bogotá where in August of that same year the cinématographe · Cuba Although cinema arrived at Cuba at the beginning of the 20th century and the island arrived early to the television phenomena and cinematographic production, only around 80 full-length films were produced before the Cuban Revolution of 1959, most of these films were melodramas. Following the revolution, Cuba entered what is considered the " · Haiti · Mexico The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events – most particularly the Mexican Revolution – and produced some movies that have only recently been rediscovered · Paraguay The Cinema of Paraguay is small compared to that of neighbouring Argentina and Brazil. However, this has begun to change in recent years with films like El Toque del Oboe , María Escobar (2002), O Amigo Dunor (2005) which competed for Best Movie in the Rotterdam International Film Festival and Hamaca Paraguaya (2006) which was screened at the · Peru While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, such as Mexico or Argentina, some Peruvian movies produced with the cooperation of Mexican talent in the 1960s and 1970s, such as Bromas S.A., enjoyed regional success. More recently some bestselling novels by Peruvian author and talk · Puerto Rico · United States · Uruguay · Latin America · Northern America
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