Media related Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy began after 12 editorial cartoons, most of which depicted the Islamic prophet Muhammad, were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. The newspaper announced that this publication was an attempt to contribute to the debate regarding criticism of Islam and self- South Park controversy over depictions of Muhammad Everybody Draw Mohammed Day Sudanese teddy bear blasphemy case Muhammad cartoons Fitna (film) The Jewel of Medina The Satanic Verses controversy The Satanic Verses controversy concerns Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses. In particular it involves the novel's alleged blasphemy or unbelief; the 1989 fatwa issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie; and the killings, attempted killings, and bombings that resulted from Muslim anger over the novel Incidents Mecca girls' school fire Beheadings of three Christian girls Fox journalists kidnapping CPT hostage crisis Qatif girl rape case Qur'an desecration controversy Regensburg lecture Egyptian ID card controversy Flying Imams controversy French headscarf ban The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public primary and secondary schools. The law is an amendment to the French Code of Education that expands principles founded in existing French law, especially the constitutional requirement of laïcité: the separation Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy The Regensburg lecture was a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany, where he had once served as professor of theology. It was entitled "Glaube, Vernunft und Universität — Erinnerungen und Reflexionen" . The lecture is considered to be among the most important papal Knighthood of Salman Rushdie In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie, British Indian novelist and author of controversial novel The Satanic Verses, was created a Knight Bachelor by HM Queen Elizabeth II. This action brought much controversy around the world in many countries with Muslim majority populations. Soon after the news of the knighthood was released protests against the Fathima Rifqa Bary controversy Minaret controversy in Switzerland Qur'an Oath Controversy Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri Boobquake Boobquake, which took place on April 26, 2010, was devised by Jennifer McCreight, a senior in the Purdue University College of Science, in response to news reports that Hojatoleslam Kazem Seddiqi had blamed women who dress immodestly for causing earthquakes. On April 19, it was reported that Seddiqi advised his listeners that: "Many women who Related Topics: Criticism of Islam Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam's formative stages. Early written criticism came from Christians, prior to the 9th century, many of whom viewed Islam as a radical Christian heresy. Later there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself, and also from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians. In the modern era, criticism

Namus is the Arabic word (Hebrew Extinct as a regularly spoken language by the 4th century CE, but survived as a liturgical and literary language; revived in the 1880s "nmūs", Greek "νόμος") of a concept of an ethical Ethics is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good vs. bad, noble vs. ignoble, right vs. wrong, and matters of justice, love, peace, and virtue category, a virtue Virtue is moral excellence. A virtue is a trait or quality deemed to be morally excellent and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being, in Middle Eastern The Middle East is a region that encompasses southwestern Asia and Egypt. In some contexts, the term has recently been expanded in usage to sometimes include Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and North Africa. It's often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern patriarchal Patriarchy is a social system in which the father or eldest male is head of the household, having authority over women and children. Patriarchy also refers to a system of government by males, and to the dominance of men in social or cultural systems. It may also include title being traced through the male line character. Literally translated as 'virtue', it is now more popularly used in a strong gender Gender is the wide set of characteristics that are seen to distinguish between male and female. It can extend from sex to social role or gender identity. As a word, "gender" has more than one valid definition. In ordinary speech, it is used interchangeably with "sex" to denote the condition of being male or female. In the-specific context of relations within a family described in terms of honor Honour or Honor is the evaluation of a person's trustworthiness and social status based on that individual's espousals and actions. Honour is deemed exactly what determines a person's character: whether or not the person reflects honesty, respect, integrity, or fairness. Accordingly, individuals are assigned worth and stature based on the harmony, attention Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources, respect Respect denotes both a positive feeling of esteem for a person or other entity , and also specific actions and conduct representative of that esteem. Respect can be a specific feeling of regard for the actual qualities of the one respected (e.g., "I have great respect for her judgment"). It can also be conduct in accord with a specific/respectability, and modesty Standards of modesty are aspects of the culture of a country or people, at a given point in time, and is a measure against which an individual in society may be judged.[citation needed]. It is important to note that the concept of Namus in respect to sexual integrity of family members is an ancient exclusively cultural concept which predates Islam and the Judeo-Christian religion. Support for it does not exist in any of the holy scriptures.

Etymology

The Arabic Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah, ( Arabic pronunciation ) or عربي ʿarabī) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. Arabic has more speakers than any other language in the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million word "nāmūs" (ناموس) may mean "law", "custom", or "honor". The Hebrew words "nmūs" (נמוס) or "nūmūsā" (נומוסא) again means "law". The Ancient Greek Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic , Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine (& word "nómos" (νόμος) meaning "law, custom".^[1]

Context

For a man The term man is used for an adult human male (the term boy is the usual term for a human male child or adolescent). However, man is sometimes used to refer to humanity as a whole. Sometimes it is also used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "Men's rights" and his family, namus, among other things, may mean sexual integrity of women A woman is a female human. The term woman is usually reserved for an adult, with the term girl being the usual term for a female child or adolescent. However, the term woman is also sometimes used to identify a female human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "Women's rights" in the family, their chastity Chastity is sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the moral norms and guidelines of a culture, civilization, or religion in particular. On the other hand, the man has to provide for his family and to defend the namus of his house, his women in particular, against the threats (physical and verbal) to members of his extended family The term extended family has several distinct meanings. First, it is used synonymously with consanguineous family or joint family. Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family or nuclear family, it is used to refer to kindred who does not belong to the conjugal family. Often there could be many generations living under the same roof, from the outer world.^[2]

Namus of a man is determined by namus of all the women in his family (i.e., mother, wives, sisters, daughters). In some societies, e.g., in Pashtun Pashtuns , also called Pathans (in Urdu: پٹھان and Hindi: पठान Paṭhān) or (ethnic) Afghans (in Persian: افغان; see also origin and history of the term), are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and western Pakistan, which includes Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas tribes of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south-central Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast. In addition; India claims a border with Afghanistan at the Wakhan corridor as part of its claim on the Gilgit-, namus goes beyond the basic family and is common for a plarina, a unit of the tribe that has a common ancestral father.^[3]

For an unmarried woman, the utmost importance is placed on virginity A virgin originally meant a woman who has never had sexual intercourse. Virginity is the state of being a virgin. It is derived from the Latin virgo, which means "sexually inexperienced woman". As in Latin, the English word is also often used with wider reference, by relaxing the age, gender or sexual criteria. Hence, more mature women before marriage Marriage is a social union or legal contract between individuals that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found. Such a union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that marks, and "proof of virginity" in the form of bloodstains on a bed sheet is required in some cultures to proudly demonstrate after the wedding A wedding is the ceremony in which two people are united in marriage or a similar institution. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnic groups, religions, countries, and social classes. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of wedding vows by the couple, presentation of a gift (offering, ring, symbolic item, night. Professor of sociology Dilek Cindoğlu writes: "The virginity of the women is not a personal matter, but a social phenomenon".^[4]

In the Middle East, for a woman, namus is in obedience, faithfulness, modesty (in behaviour and in dress), "appropriateness".

Violations of namus

The namus of a man is violated if, for example, a daughter is born into the family instead of a son, or if an adult daughter is not dressed "appropriately", or if he tolerates an offense without reaction.^[2][5][6]

Among Pashtuns an encroachment on a man's plot of land also signifies violation of his namus.^[3]

Restoration of namus

According to those adherent to this concept, a man is supposed to control the women in his family, and if he loses control of them (his wife, sisters, daughters), his namus is lost in the eyes of the community, and he has to clean his (and his family's) honor. This is done by abortion, murder or forced suicide.

In the west, such cases are especially visible in immigrant societies, when a girl faces the conflict between her choice of the culture of the new home society and the traditions of the old home.^[7]

In cases of rape, the woman is not seen as a victim. Instead, it is considered that the namus of the whole family was violated, and to restore it, an honour killing An honor killing is the murder of a family or clan member by one or more fellow family members, where the murderers (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonor upon the family, clan, or community. This perceived dishonor is normally the result of (a) utilizing dress codes unacceptable to the family (b) wanting of the raped woman may happen (estimated 5,000 victims yearly and on the rise worldwide^[8]). The raped woman may also commit forced suicide Forced suicide is a method of execution where the victim is coerced into committing suicide to avoid facing an alternative option they perceive as much worse, such as suffering torture or having friends or family members imprisoned or tortured. Another common form historically has been deliberately providing a condemned individual with a weapon.^[9] In Pakistan acid is often thrown on the victim's face to disfigure them rather than them being murdered.^[10]

In the British Bangladeshi immigrant culture the violation of namus can result in the murder of the male involved with the female family member.^[11]

Meanwhile, in cases of namus loss due to the arrival of a female child into the family, infanticide Infanticide is the practice of intentionally killing an infant. Often it is the mother who commits the act, but criminology recognizes various forms of non-maternal child murder. In many past societies, certain forms of infanticide were considered permissible. Female infanticide is more common than the killing of male offspring due to sex- or sex-selective abortion may occur.^[12]

Namus around the world

Afghanistan,^[13] Bangladesh, Great Britain, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Morocco, Sweden, Turkey, and Uganda are countries in which "honor killings" occur amongst the Muslim population.^[10]

Namus is still an active force in rural societies.

In 2002 international attention was drawn to the murder of Fadime Sahindal, of the Kurdish The Kurds are an Ethnic-Iranian ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Substantial Kurdish communities also exist in the cities of western Turkey, and they can also be found in Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Lebanon and, in recent decades, minority in Sweden Sweden (pronounced /ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən, Swedish: Sverige [ˈsvær.jə]), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany and, who violated namus by suing her father and brother for threats and then rejecting the marriage arranged for her.^[14]

Jordan

Sharaf^[15] is the honor of the family, tribe or person which can increase if the path of moral behavior is followed or decrease if it is left. ‘ird is that honor which relates only to the women in family; it can only decrease. Sharaf is outweighed by 'ird.

To regain sharaf 'ird must be cleansed.

"A woman is like an olive tree. When its branch catches woodworm, it has to be chopped off so that society stays clean and pure."

Murder Murder, as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent , and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide (such as manslaughter). As the loss of a human being inflicts enormous grief upon the individuals close to the victim, as well as the fact that the, marriage to the person that violated the woman's honor, or marriage to another man will all restore 'ird.

Support and opposition

Some Jordanian Islamic groups say that punishment of adulterous wives should be left to the state, while others say Islam advocates that male relatives should carry out the punishment. Yotam Feldner writes, "if honour killing originated in pre-Islamic Arab tribalism, it has long since been incorporated into Islamic society and thereby become common throughout the Muslim world, ..."^[15] However, "‘Izzat Muhaysin, a psychiatrist at the Gaza Program for Mental Health, says that the culture of the society that perceives one who refrains from "washing shame with blood" as "a coward who is not worthy of living."^[15] "Hundreds, if not thousands, of women are murdered by their families each year in the name of family 'honor'."^[10]

Forces against honor killing

In many societies that had or have "honor killings" contrary social forces are also in action. Feminism and human rights workers seek to stophonor killing An honor killing or honour killing is the murder of a (female) family or clan member by one or more fellow (mostly male) family members, where the murderers (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonour upon the family, clan, or community. This perceived dishonor is normally the result of (a) utilizing dress. National law can be promoted ahead of the right of families to protect namus. Elements of namus are considered by some to be remnants of archaic patriarchal prejudice A prejudice is a prejudgment: i.e. a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment made without recourse to reason; drawing typically instead upon received information or upon instinctual preference. The word prejudice is most commonly used to refer to a preconceived judgment toward a people or a person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity,.

Fifty years before the murder of Fadime Şahindal, Abdullah Goran (1904-1962), the modern Kurdish poet, condemned honour killing An honor killing is the murder of a family or clan member by one or more fellow family members, where the murderers (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonor upon the family, clan, or community. This perceived dishonor is normally the result of (a) utilizing dress codes unacceptable to the family (b) wanting in his poem, Berde-nfsLk “A Tomb-Stone”.^[14]

In arts

• The 1925 Armenian silent film In March 1924, the first Armenian film studio: Armenfilm was established in Yerevan, starting with Soviet Armenia (1924) the first Armenian documentary film Namus^[16] tells the ill fate of two lovers, who were betrothed Historically betrothal was a formal contract, blessed or officiated by a religious authority. Betrothal was binding as marriage and a divorce was necessary to terminate a betrothal. Betrothed couples were regarded legally as husband and wife - even before their wedding and physical union. In Jewish weddings the betrothal is now generally part of by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of namus, the girl was married Forced marriage is a term used to describe a marriage in which one or both of the parties is married without his or her consent or against his or her will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage, in which both parties consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party in identifying a spouse, although the difference between by her father to another person. In 2006 it was restored, digitized Telecine is the process of transferring motion picture film into video form. The term is also used to refer to the equipment used in the process. Telecine enables a motion picture, captured originally on film, to be viewed with standard video equipment, such as televisions, video cassette decks or computers. This allows producers and distributors and dubbed Dubbing is the post-production process of recording and replacing voices on a motion picture or television soundtrack subsequent to the original shooting schedule. The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers, who may be speaking a different language. The in French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in.

Technology

Even the associated practice of virginity tests in cases of claimed sexual misconduct do not always protect women from femicide Femicide is defined as the systematic killing of women for various reasons, usually cultural. Femicide is seen as a gender crime. The word is attested from the 1820s, since gossip and rumors may take precedence over forensic Forensic science is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action. Besides its relevance to a legal system, forensics encompasses the accepted scholarly or scientific methodology and norms under which the facts regarding an event, an artifact, evidence, especially since the practice of virginity restoration has become widespread (for women with sufficient money).^[17] In France France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, and in Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,, where there is a large Middle Eastern Muslim diaspora, the women sometimes may resort to such cosmetic surgery.^[5]

See also

• Honor killing An honor killing or honour killing is the murder of a (female) family or clan member by one or more fellow (mostly male) family members, where the murderers (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonour upon the family, clan, or community. This perceived dishonor is normally the result of (a) utilizing dress
• Kaithal honour killing case
• Mesopotamian Marriage Law
• History of Rape

References

1. ^ "Namus" in Sözlerin Soyağacı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü (A Family Tree of Words: A Contemporary Etymological Dictionary of Turkish). Istanbul: Adam Yayınları. 2010. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 9789752896369. (Turkish)
2. ^ ^{a b} Werner Schiffauer, "Die Gewalt der Ehre. Erklärungen zu einem deutsch-türkischen Sexualkonflikt." ("The Force of the Honour"), Suhrkamp: Frankfurt am Main, 1983. ISBN 3-518-37394-3.
3. ^ ^{a b} Pashtunwali Terminology.
4. ^ Dilek Cindoglu, "Virginity tests and artificial virginity in modern Turkish medicine," pp. 215–228, in Women and sexuality in Muslim societies, P. Ýlkkaracan (Ed.), Women for Women’s Human Rights, Istanbul, 2000.
5. ^ ^{a b} Uli Pieper: Problemfelder und Konflikte von Kindern ausländischer Arbeitsmigranten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, a sociological analysis.
6. ^ Anatomie eines Ehrdelikts ("The Anatomy of Honour Crimes") , by Werner Schiffauer.
7. ^ A Matter of Honor, Your Honor?, by Rhea Wessel, the first article in her series about the rights of Muslim women in Europe, particularly Turkish women in Germany.
8. ^ "Ending Violence against Women and Girls", a UNFPA report.
9. ^ "UN probes Turkey 'forced suicide'", a BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation is the largest broadcasting organisation in the world. Its global headquarters are located in London and its main responsibility is to provide public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The BBC is an autonomous public service broadcaster that operates under a Royal article, May 24, 2006.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Hillary Mayell, Thousands of Women Killed for Family "Honor" National Geographic News February 12, 2002. retrieved 5-1-07
11. ^ The honour code that drove a family to murder. Times Online. November 04, 2005. retrieved 6-1-07
12. ^ [1]
13. ^ Sawyer, D. (1999). (see "A feminist analysis of honor killings in rural Turkey". Culture of honor, culture of change. Department of Sociology, University of Toronto. 2001. http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~socsci/sever/pubs/honorkillings.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. ) Citation: Honor Killings. Aired on 20/20. NBC: Friday, January 22. Retrieved 2007-01-05
14. ^ ^{a b} Shahrzad Mojab and Amir Hassanpour In Memory of Fadime Şahindal: Thoughts on the Struggle Against “Honour Killing” retrieved 5-1-07.
15. ^ ^{a b c} All in the Family: How the perpetrators of Honour Killings get off lightly retrieved 2007-01-12
16. ^ Namus at the Internet Movie Database
17. ^ Imposition of virginity testing: a life-saver or a license to kill?, by Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, an article about sexual abuse in Palestinian society, a UNIFEM-funded study.

External links

• International Campaign Against Honor Killings, contains an extensive archive of news reports and photos of victims
• Culture of Honor, Culture of Change: A Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey, by Aysan Sev'er in Violence Against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal, relates namus to "Myths about and fear of women's unchecked sexuality and men's legitimacy to curb that sexuality."

Categories: Islam and women | Turkish culture

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